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Peasant economics
Peasant economics is an area of economics in which a wide variety of economic approaches ranging from the neoclassical to the marxist are used to examine the political economy of the peasantry. The defining feature of the peasants are that they are typically seen to be only partly integrated into the market economy - an economy which, in societies with a significant peasant population, is typically found to have many imperfect, incomplete or missing markets. Peasant economics treats peasants as something different from other farmers as they are not assumed to be simply small profit maximizing farmers; by contrast, peasant economics covers a wide range of different theories of peasant household behavior. These include various assumptions about the maximization of profits, risk aversion, drudgery aversion, and sharecropping. The assumptions, logic, and predictions of these theories are examined and the impact of subsistence is typically found to have important implications in terms of producers decisions about supply, consumption and price. Chayanov was an early proponent of the importance of understanding peasant behaviour arguing that peasants would work as hard as they needed in order to meet their subsistence needs, but had no incentive beyond those needs and therefore would slow and stop working once they were met. This principle, the consumption-labour-balance principle, implies that the peasant household will increase its work until it meets (balances) the needs (consumption) of the household. A possible implication of this view of peasant societies is that they will not develop without some external, added factor. Peasant economics has been seen as being an important area of study by some development economists, agricultural sociologists, and anthropologists.〔Ellis, Frank (1988) ''Peasant Economics: Farm Households and Agrarian Development''. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press〕〔Taussig, M. (1978) Peasant Economics and the Development of Capitalist Agriculture in the Cauca Valley, Colombia, ''Latin American Perspectives'' , Vol. 5, No. 3, Peasants, Capital Accumulation and Rural Underdevelopment, Summer, pp. 62-91〕〔Dalton, George (1971) ''Traditional tribal and peasant economies: An introductory survey of economic anthropology'', Addison-Wesley〕〔Durrenberger, E. Paul (1980) Chayanov's Economic Analysis in Anthropology, ''Journal of Anthropological Research'', Vol. 36, No. 2, Summer, pp. 133-148〕〔Halstead, P. and J. O'Shea, eds.(1989) ''Bad year economics : cultural responses to risk and uncertainty'', Cambridge〕〔Chayanov, A. V., In Thorner, D., Kerblay, B. H., In Smith, R. E. F., & American Economic Association. (1966). ''The theory of peasant economy''. Homewood, Ill: Published for the American Economic Association, by R.D. Irwin.
〕〔de Janvry, A., M. Fafchamps, and E. Sadoulet. (1991) Peasant Household Behaviour with Missing Markets: Some Paradoxes Explained. ''Economic Journal'' 101(409):1400–17〕
== References ==
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